Psychological influences to the choices we make.

Did you know that psychology plays a big role in your decisions?
Let us dive in!

 Categories

1. Decision-Making Biases (Influence on Choices)
Risk & Probability Biases – Loss Aversion, Gambler’s Fallacy, Zero-Risk Bias, Certainty Effect.
Time & Future Discounting Biases – Present Bias, Hyperbolic Discounting, Sunk Cost Fallacy.
Choice Complexity Biases – Paradox of Choice, Decoy Effect, Pseudocertainty Effect.

2. Perception & Judgment Biases (How We See the World)
Pattern Recognition Biases – Clustering Illusion, Pareidolia, Baader-Meinhof Phenomenon.
First Impression Biases – Halo Effect, Anchoring Effect, Contrast Effect.
Memory-Based Biases – Hindsight Bias, Zeigarnik Effect, Peak-End Rule.

3. Social & Group Influence Biases (Behavior in Groups)
Conformity & Social Pressure – Bandwagon Effect, Groupthink, Social Proof.
Social Identity Biases – Ingroup Bias, Outgroup Derogation, Stereotype Threat.
Action & Responsibility Biases – Bystander Effect, Reactance, Fear of Missing Out (FOMO).

4. Confidence & Self-Perception Biases (How We See Ourselves)
Self-Perception & Overconfidence – Dunning-Kruger Effect, Overconfidence Effect.
Motivational Biases – Self-Serving Bias, False Modesty Bias, Illusion of Transparency.

5. Economic & Financial Biases (How We Handle Money & Resources)
Financial Decision Biases – Endowment Effect, Mental Accounting, House Money Effect.
Investment Biases – Disposition Effect, Sunk Cost Fallacy, Gambler’s Conceit.

Expounding Each of Them with Examples

Decision-Making Biases (Influence on Choices)

Risk & Probability Biases
These biases affect how we assess risks and probabilities, often leading to irrational decisions.
Loss Aversion – People feel the pain of losses more strongly than the pleasure of equivalent gains.
Example: A person refuses to sell a declining stock because the idea of "losing" money feels worse than the potential benefit of reinvesting in a better stock.
Gambler’s Fallacy – The mistaken belief that past random events influence future outcomes in independent processes.
Example: Believing that after flipping five heads in a row, a tails must be "due," when in reality, each flip is still 50/50.
Zero-Risk Bias – Preferring small, absolute risk reductions over larger overall risk reductions.
Example: Choosing to completely eliminate a small risk (e.g., buying extended warranties on inexpensive items) instead of addressing a much larger risk that is harder to eliminate.
Certainty Effect – Overvaluing outcomes that are guaranteed over those that are probable, even when the probable option has a higher expected value.
Example: Choosing a 100% chance of winning $900 over a 90% chance of winning $1,000, despite the second option having a higher expected payout.

Time & Future Discounting Biases
These biases cause us to favor immediate rewards over long-term benefits, often leading to impulsive decisions.
Present Bias – The tendency to prioritize immediate rewards over larger future rewards.
Example: Choosing to spend money on an expensive dinner today rather than saving it for retirement, even though saving would be more beneficial in the long run.
Hyperbolic Discounting – The tendency to prefer smaller, immediate rewards over larger, delayed ones, with the effect diminishing as delays increase.
Example: Preferring $50 today over $100 in a month, but being fine with waiting an extra month if the choice is between $50 in a year or $100 in 13 months.
Sunk Cost Fallacy – Continuing an investment or commitment based on past costs rather than future value.
Example: Staying in a bad relationship or continuing a failed business venture just because of the time and effort already invested.

Choice Complexity Biases
These biases arise when we struggle with decision-making due to the way options are presented.
Paradox of Choice – Having too many options can lead to decision paralysis or reduced satisfaction.
Example: Feeling overwhelmed when choosing a cereal brand from 50 options and ultimately regretting the choice later.
Decoy Effect – A less attractive option influences the choice between two main options, making one seem more appealing.
Example: A coffee shop offers a small coffee for $2, a large for $5, and a medium for $4.50. The medium is intentionally overpriced to make the large seem like a better deal.
Pseudocertainty Effect – Preferring a sure thing in one scenario while taking risks in another, even if the outcomes are mathematically equivalent.
Example: A person prefers a guaranteed $50 discount on a $500 TV but will take a gamble on a 50% chance of winning $100 instead of taking a guaranteed $50 win in a different situation.

Social & Group Influence Biases (Behavior in Groups)

Conformity & Social Pressure Biases
These biases influence how we adopt beliefs and behaviors based on group dynamics and societal expectations.
Bandwagon Effect – The tendency to adopt a belief or behavior simply because many others do.
Example: Buying a trendy new smartphone not because it’s the best option but because "everyone else" has it.
Groupthink – When a group prioritizes harmony and consensus over critical thinking, leading to poor decisions.
Example: A company’s board of directors ignores warning signs of financial risk because no one wants to be the dissenter and challenge the CEO.
Social Proof – Looking to others for cues on how to behave, especially in uncertain situations.
Example: Choosing a restaurant with a long line outside, assuming it must be better than the less crowded one next door.

Social Identity Biases
These biases shape how we view and treat people based on group identities.
Ingroup Bias – Favoring people within our own group over outsiders.
Example: A hiring manager unconsciously prefers candidates from their alma mater over equally qualified candidates from other universities.
Outgroup Derogation – Viewing those outside our group negatively or as inferior.
Example: Fans of one sports team assuming that all fans of a rival team are rude or unintelligent.
Stereotype Threat – When awareness of a negative stereotype about one’s group leads to underperformance.
Example: A woman taking a math test performs worse than usual after being reminded of the stereotype that "women aren’t good at math."

Action & Responsibility Biases
These biases influence whether we take action or responsibility in different situations.
Bystander Effect – The tendency to assume others will act in an emergency, leading to personal inaction.
Example: In a crowded subway, no one helps a fallen person because everyone assumes someone else will step in.
Reactance – Resisting being told what to do, even when it’s in our best interest.
Example: A teenager rebels against a curfew simply because they don’t like being told what to do, even if staying out late isn’t beneficial.
Fear of Missing Out (FOMO) – Making choices based on anxiety about missing out on an experience others are enjoying.
Example: Attending a party despite being exhausted because social media makes it look like everyone is having an amazing time.

Perception & Judgment Biases (How We See the World)

Pattern Recognition Biases

These biases occur when our brains seek patterns in random or unrelated information.
Clustering Illusion – The tendency to see patterns in random data, even when none exist.
Example: A gambler believes a roulette wheel showing "red" five times in a row means "black" is now more likely, even though the probability remains 50/50.
Pareidolia – The tendency to perceive familiar patterns, especially faces, in random stimuli.
Example: Seeing a face in the moon’s surface or in the clouds.
Baader-Meinhof Phenomenon (Frequency Illusion) – After learning about something new, we start noticing it everywhere.
Example: After buying a red car, you suddenly start seeing red cars more often, even though their actual frequency hasn’t changed.

First Impression Biases
These biases affect how initial information influences our perceptions and decisions.
Halo Effect – When a positive impression in one area influences perceptions in unrelated areas.
Example: Assuming a physically attractive person is also more intelligent or kind, even without evidence.
Anchoring Effect – The tendency to rely too heavily on the first piece of information we receive when making decisions.
Example: A store sets an "original price" of $200 and offers a "sale price" of $100, making the discount seem more significant, even if $100 is a fair price.
Contrast Effect – Our perception of something is influenced by comparisons with other items.
Example: A $40 shirt seems cheap when placed next to a $100 shirt, even though $40 might still be expensive.

Memory-Based Biases
These biases affect how we recall and interpret past events.
Hindsight Bias – The tendency to believe, after an event has occurred, that we "knew it all along."
Example: After a company fails, people claim it was "obvious" that it would fail, even though they didn’t predict it beforehand.
Zeigarnik Effect – The tendency to remember unfinished tasks more than completed ones.
Example: A student remembers an incomplete assignment more vividly than a finished one, feeling a nagging urge to complete it.
Peak-End Rule – Our memories of an experience are shaped primarily by its most intense moment (peak) and how it ended.
Example: A vacation full of minor inconveniences is remembered positively because of an amazing last day.

Confidence & Self-Perception Biases (How We See Ourselves)

Self-Perception & Overconfidence Biases
These biases affect how we evaluate our own abilities, often leading to overconfidence or misjudgment.
Dunning-Kruger Effect – People with low ability overestimate their competence, while experts underestimate theirs.
Example: A novice driver believes they are better than most others on the road, while a professional racecar driver underestimates their skill compared to peers.
Overconfidence Effect – The tendency to overestimate our knowledge, abilities, or control over outcomes.
Example: Investors assume they can "beat the market" despite most professionals failing to do so consistently.

Motivational Biases
These biases shape how we view ourselves and others, often to protect self-esteem or maintain social standing.
Self-Serving Bias – Attributing successes to personal skill but blaming failures on external factors.
Example: A student who gets an A on a test believes it’s due to their intelligence, but if they fail, they blame the teacher or the test's difficulty.
False Modesty Bias – Downplaying achievements to gain social approval or avoid seeming arrogant.
Example: A top athlete says, "I just got lucky," even after years of dedicated training.
Illusion of Transparency – Overestimating how well others understand our thoughts, feelings, or intentions.
Example: A nervous speaker assumes their anxiety is obvious to the audience, when in reality, the audience doesn’t notice.

Economic & Financial Biases (How We Handle Money & Resources)

Financial Decision Biases
These biases affect how we perceive and handle money, often leading to irrational financial choices.
Endowment Effect – Overvaluing something simply because we own it.
Example: A person refuses to sell a coffee mug they received for free, even though they would never pay for the same mug if they didn’t already own it.
Mental Accounting – Treating money differently depending on its source or intended use.
Example: A person spends a $500 tax refund on luxury items but refuses to dip into their savings to cover essential expenses, even though the money is interchangeable.
House Money Effect – Taking more risks when playing with "extra" or "unexpected" money, like winnings.
Example: A gambler who just won $500 at the casino is more likely to bet aggressively, treating the winnings as "free money" rather than part of their total wealth.

Investment Biases
These biases influence how we make investment decisions, often leading to poor financial outcomes.
Disposition Effect – Selling winning investments too early while holding onto losing ones for too long.
Example: An investor sells a stock that has gone up 10% to lock in gains but refuses to sell another stock that has dropped 20%, hoping it will "bounce back."
Sunk Cost Fallacy – Continuing an investment based on past costs rather than future value.
Example: A person keeps pouring money into repairing an old car because they've "already spent so much," even though buying a new one would be more cost-effective.
Gambler’s Conceit – The belief that one will stop gambling or investing recklessly at the right time, even when past behavior suggests otherwise.
Example: A day trader believes they can "quit while ahead," but in reality, they continue making risky trades, leading to losses.